Of the listed applications, which one will first hit 1 megawatt of electricity usage?
Beamed power: traditional solar power satellite concept. Solar cells in orbit, on-orbit power conversion, and transmission to some other customer (on Earth, on the Moon, whatever). Presumably microwave transmission, but could be optical or otherwise.
Reflected sunlight: what Reflect Orbital is trying to do. Mirrors in space, solar cells on the ground. Measured by electrical output at the solar cells, not sunlight power.
Hosted data center: computers in space, using space based power, for computation. Not including comsats or computation solely in support of those. Could be servers for rent, or for a specific fixed customer, but some sort of general-purpose computation, like CPUs or GPUs.
Cryptocurrency mining: Bitcoin or otherwise. Like in-space data centers but special-purpose compute.
Manufacturing: any physical manufacturing or mining, whether the products are for in-space use or on-Earth use. What Varda is up to.
For all the categories, the power collection has to be in space. Solar power on Mars not included (though Mars orbit is fine as well). In all cases the electricity usage is being counted. If a satellite is multi-purpose (the ISS, for example), it will only be included if application-specific power budgets are available. Application-specific satellites will count their overall power budget.
All cases are steady state, not peak pulsed power, though there's not specific duty cycle requirement.
Total consumption across all spacecraft.
Update 2025-11-01 (PST) (AI summary of creator comment): Duty cycle clarification: "Not a specific duty cycle requirement" means:
If a manufacturing process pauses in shade but runs steady state in sunlight, count the sunlit portion power usage (not orbit average)
If using batteries to run continuously, count the process power usage (orbit average), not solar panel output during sunlit portion
Pulsed loads (e.g., PWM heaters) are measured by actual usage, not peak pulses
1,000
3.00I can think of some cases that might be difficult to resolve with a 'hosted data center'. If you include onboard image processing of EO data, I can see that growing significantly. What if a communication satellite does double-duty as a hosting platform for a video game or edge server?
I think I would have a difficult time determining how much power was used for those applications vs the rest of the spacecraft.
I interpret the average power as an orbit average power, so if there was 1 spacecraft with a 1MWe manufacturing process it would not count, you would need 2 of them.
@LarsOsborne "not a specific duty cycle requirement" means if your manufacturing process pauses while in the shade, but runs steady state in the sun, it counts the sunlit portion rather than the long-term average. But if you're using batteries to run continuously, we're looking to the power usage of the process (presumably the orbit average), not the solar panel output during the sunlit portion. And if you're PWMing a heater in your furnace, we're not looking at the pulsed load peaks there.
I expect this determination to involve some mix of research and judgment calls; I'm hoping the result will be decisive enough that they're easy judgment calls.